M-THEORY How the universe is constructed			BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING Genetic engineering, nanotechnology, cybernetics, artificial intelligence			NEW EARTH SCIENCE Interaction between living and nonliving things
30,000 BC
	ASTRONOMY, 900-8001 BC Mayan astronomical inscriptions ASTRONOMY, 4241 BC Egyptian calender is possibly instituted ASTRONOMY, 500-491 BC Pythagoreans teach the earth is a spere ASTRONOMY, 450-411 BC Philolaus suggests earth, sun, moon revolve around a central fire ASTRONOMY, 350 BC Aristotle theorizes earth is the center of the universe ASTRONOMY, 140-149 BC Ptolemy writes astronomical text Almagest ASTRONOMY, 1075 Arzachel theorizes planets have elliptical orbits	PRE-GEOMETRY/ARITHMETIC, 30,000-25,001 BC Tallies recorded on animal bone, stone, and ivory PRE-GEOMETRY/ARITHMETIC, 8000-7001 BC Mesopotamians develop numeration and writing ARITHMETIC, 1800 BC Number System is invented in Sumeria PRE-GEOMETRY/ARITHMETIC, 1800-1751 BC Multiplication tables appear in Mesopotamia PRE-GEOMETRY/ARITHMETIC, 540-531 Pythagoreans develop arithemetic and geometry Geometry / Arithemetic, 300-291 BC Euclid's Elementsformalizes geometry and math ALGEBRA, 250 BC Diophantus' Arithmeticais the first work of algebra PRE-GEOMETRY/ARITHMETIC,100-109 BC Menelaus develops spherical trigonometry TRIGONOMETRY,1533 established as a discipline	Sources HIstory of Science and Technology: A Narrative Chronology. Facts on File Asimov's Chronology of Science & Discovery. Harper & Row Breakthroughs: A Chronology of Great Achievements in Science and Math by Claire Parkinson The Timeline Book of Science by George Ochoa and Melinda Corey The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science by Alexander Hellemans and Bryan Bunch "The Theory Formerly Known as Strings" by Michael Duff, Scientific American, February 1998 "M" by Peter Byrne, SF Weekly, February 10-16, 1999	MEDICINE, 1550 BC Cures are written on papyrus PHARMACOLOGY, 77 BC Pedanius Dioscorides describes about 600 plants in De Materia Medica and spawns pharmacology MEDICINE, 1316 Mondino De'Luzzi reintroduces systematic teaching of anatomy into medical curriculum	BOTANY, 320 BC Theophrastus writes a book that describes 550 plant species ANATOMY,160 Galen dissects animals NEW ANATOMY, 1543 Andreas Vesalius upsets Greek Notions of anatomy, correcting over 200 errors of Galen	NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, 334 BC Aristotle founds the Lyceum school of Philosophy ZOOLOGY, 50 Pliny the Elder writesNaturalis Historia ALCHEMY, 300 Zosimus attempts to change lead and iron into gold MINERALOGY, 1556 Georgius Agricola's De Re Metallica is published posthumously	METEOROLOGY, 350 BC Aristotlepens Meteorologika ALGEBRA, 250 BC Diophantus draws problems to be solved algebraically OCEANOGRAPHY, 1210 Wallingford records tidal observations MAGNETISM, 1269 Pèlerin de Maricourt discovers magnetic poles ALGEBRA, 1535 Niccolo Tartaglia finds a general method for solving cubic equations	ASTRONOMY, 900-8001 BC Mayan astronomical inscriptions ASTRONOMY, 4241 BC Egyptian calender is possibly instituted ASTRONOMY, 500-491 BC Pythagoreans teach the earth is a spere ASTRONOMY, 450-411 BC Philolaus suggests earth, sun, moon revolve around a central fire ASTRONOMY, 350 BC Aristotle theorizes earth is the center of the universe ASTRONOMY, 140-149 BC Ptolemy writes astronomical text Almagest ASTRONOMY, 1075 Arzachel theorizes planets have elliptical orbits ASTRONOMY, 1281 Qutb al-Din al Shirazi establishes an alternate planetary model to Ptolemy's ASTRONOMY, 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus establishes the heliocentric system
1600 AD
1750	ASTRONOMY, 1609 Johannes Kepler establishes that the planets orbit around the sun in ellipses ASTRONOMY, 1657 Robert Hooke discovers that all bodies fall at equal rates in a vacuum ATOM TTEORY, 1666 Robert Boyle proposes all matter is made of atoms CLASSICAL MECHANICS/PHYSICS, 1687 Issac Newton's Principia is published; establishes Newton's three laws of motion and law of gravity ATOM THEORY, 1803 John Dalton states his atomic theory of matter ATOM THEORY, 1897 Joseph John Thomson discovers the electron	MAGNETISM, 1600 William Gilbert proposes in On Magnetism that earth is a giant magnet ELECTRICITY, 1660 Otto von Guericke discovers static electricity LIGHT THEORY, 1665 Francesco Grimaldi's posthumous theories of light published LIGHT THEORY, 1675 Ole Römer determines the speed of light LIGHT THEORY, 1690 Christiaan Huygens publishes his wave theory of light LIGHT THEORY, 1704 Newton theorizes light is particulate ELECTRICITY, 1733 Charles-Francois de Cisternay du Fay links electricity to magnetism through the discovery of two types of electric charges LIGHT THEORY, 1857 Gustav Kirchoff discovers static electric and magnetic forces are related through the speed of light ELECTROMAGNETISM, 1864 James Clerk Maxwell discovers that light is a form of electromagnetism ASTROPHYSICS, 1884 Samuel Langley's The New Anatomy ushera in the field of astrophysics<	LOGARITHMIC MATHEMATICS, 1614 John Napier publishes table of logarithms GEOMETRY/ARITHMETIC, 1637 René Descartes publishes development of analytical geometry STUDY OF ELECTRICITY, 1660 Otto von Guericke fashions a contraption that includes a globe of sulfur to generate static electricity CALCULUS, 1665 Issac Newton develops first form of calculus CALCULUS, 1673-1676 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz develops his calculus CALCULUS, 1680s Jakob Beroulli makes controbutions to differential and integral calculus CALCULUS, 1704 Newton publishes his version of calculus MECHANICS, 1822 Charles Babbagedevises an idea for mechanical machine to store data and computations such as logarithms and trigonometric functions TOPOLOGY, 1895 Jules-Henri Poincaré publishes the first work on topology, the math of geometric surfaces	OPTICS, 1590 Zacharias Janssen invents compound microscope BACTERIOLOGY, 1683 Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes microscopic organisms and spawns bacteriology BOOLEAN ALGEBRA, 1847 George Boole applies symbols to logical operations an publishes The mathematical Analysis of Logic	CELL BIOLOGY, 1665 Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, giving way to cell biology TAXONOMY, 1735 Carolus Linnaeus develops systems for organism classification EMBRYOLOGY, 1768 Kaspar Wolff's De Formatione Intestinarum establishes principles of organs in embryos COMPARATIVE ANATOMY, 1798 Georges Cuvier studies the anatomies of several animals CELL BIOLOGY, 1838 Matthias Schleiden discovers that plants are made of cells BIOCHEMISTRY, 1860 Pierre-Eugène-Marcelin Berthelot synthesizes organic molecules GENETICS, 1865 Gregor Mendel develops cross-breeding models	DEGENERATIVE EVOLUTION, 1749 George-Louis de Buffon proposes idea that species have devolved over time GEOLOGY, 1787 Abe Werner starts an analysis of the earth's crust ZOOLOGY, 1794 William Dandridge Peck publishes the first paper on systematic zoology PALONTOLOGY, 1812 george Cuvier inquirey into fossil remains EVOLUTION, 1859 Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species PEDOLOGY, 1899 Jean-Baptiste Boussingault shows that plants obtain nitrates from the soil, spawning pedology, the study of soil	HYDROSTATICS, 1583 Simon Stevinus discovers factors determining the pressure of liquids on surfaces OCEANOGRAPHY, 1738 Daniel Bernoulli publishes Hydrodynamica FLUID DYNAMICS, 1744 Jean d'Alembert publishes treatise on the Equilibrium and notions of Fluids POPULATION STATISTICS, 1761 Johann Peter Sussmilch initiates the study of population statistics METEOROLOGY, 1793 John Dalton publishes Meteorological Observations and Essays	ASTRONOMY, 1609 Johannes Kepler establishes that the planets orbit around the sun in ellipses ASTRONOMY, 1657 Robert Hooke discovers that all bodies fall at equal rates in a vacuum ATOM TTEORY, 1666 Robert Boyle proposes all matter is made of atoms ATOM THEORY, 1803 John Dalton states his atomic theory of matter ATOM THEORY, 1897 Joseph John Thomson discovers the electron
1900 AD
1950	QUANTUM THEORY, 1900 Max plank introduces quantum theory after discovering energy is emitted in the form of quanta QUANTUM THEORY, 1911 Ernest Rutherford models the atom NIels Bohr applies quantum theory to the model of the atom QUANTUM MECHANICS, 1926 Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, and Erwin Schrödinger found quantum mechanics from quantum theory QUANTUM MECHANICS,1927 Heisenberg theorizes his uncertainty principle QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS, 1948 Richard Feynman develops the theory of quantum electrodynamics QUANTUM FIELD THEORY, 1954 Modern quantum field theory is established QUANTUM FIELD THEORY, 1962 Paul Dirac theorizes electrons may be membranes or bubbles QUANTUM FIELD THEORY, 1974 Sheldon Lee Glashow and Howard Georgi introduce the first grand unified theory, linking strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces of particles	ELECTROMAGNETISM, 1905 Albert Einsteinexplains photoelectricity and light as a particle; also defines special relativity and connection between energy and mass, E=mc2 RELATIVITY, 1916 Albert Einsteinproposes his general theory of relativity RELATIVITY, 1917 Willem de Sitter states the universe is expanding using the theory of relativity RELATIVITY, 1919 Theodor Kaluzaproposes five dimensions MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1927 Georges Lemaître theorizes the universe was created by a large explosion MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1939 J. Robert Oppenheimer details the existence of black holes MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1965 Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson find radiowave evidence of the big bang MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1971 Stephen Hawking proposes mini black holes existed at universe's birth MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1976 Tom Kibble proposes cosmic strings (thin, massive objects light years in length) to be ripples in the universe that took form after the big bang; supergravity also introduced to physics MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1978 Eugene Cremmer, Bernard Julia, and Joel Scherk propose supergravity allows the universe to have 11 dimensions with 7 curled up MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1984 Michael Green and John Schwartz make important discoveries related to superstring theory MODERN COSMOLOGY, 1995 Edward Witten invents mathmatical theory of quantum gravity; all string theories united under M-theory: strings or particles can appear as membrains in 11 demensions	APPLIED LOGIC, 1928 John von Neuman develops game theory MECHANICS, 1930 Vannevar Bush develops machine capable of solving differential equations MECHANICS, 1946 John Mauchly and John Eckert build ENIAC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, 1948 William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and John Bardeen develop the transistor COMPUTER SCIENCE, 1956 John Backus and IBM team develop FORTRAN TOPOLOGY, 1998 Michael Atiyah discovers the equation for typological knot theory is rhe same as quantum gauge theory	CHROMATOGRAPHY, 1906 Mikhail Tsvet develops the absorption chromatography technique of separating plant pigments ONCOLOGY, 1913 Johannes Fibiger induces cancerous growth in rats BACTERIOLOGY, 1952 Joshua Lederbergobserves bacteria conjugate and exchange genetic material CHROMATOGRAPHY, 1950s Stanford Moore and Willian Stein pioneer new methods in chromotography for use in analyzing amino acids BIOCHEMISTRY, 1951 Linus Pauling discovers the protein helix BIOCHEMISTRY, 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson identify the double helix of DNA BACTERIOLOGY, 1969 Jonathan Beckwith isolates a single gene GENOMICS, 1970 Fredrick Sanger and Walter Gilbert start mapping the structure of DNA ONCOLOGY, 1986 Robert A. Weinberg and team discover first gene to inhibit growth of cancer cells	CELL BIOLOGY, 1911 Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers chromosomes are the agents of heredity GENETICS, 1980 Martin Cline and team transfer a working gene from one mouse to another GENETICS, 1983 Andrew W. Murray and Jack W. Szostak create the first artificial chromosome	ETHOLOGY, 1907 Nikolaas Tinbergen studies herring gulls and identifies the submissive posture, sparking the study of animal behavior ZOOGRAPHY, 1920s Lev Berg broadened his study of fish species to include other animals		CLIMATOLOGY, 1920 Milutin Milankovich suggests astronomical factors play a part in the seasons CLIMATOLOGY, 1961 Edqard M. Lorenz accidentally finds the first mathematical system with chaotic behavior in a computer weather model GEOLOGY, 1980s Scientists prove movement of the earth's plates using satellites and lasers
2000 AD